Basic Portuguese Grammar for Beginners

Introduction

Understanding the fundamentals of Portuguese grammar can be extremely helpful. In this blog post, I’ll touch on a few relevant aspects of Portuguese grammar that you should be aware of from the outset.

1. Gendered Nouns

One of the most distinctive features of Portuguese (and other Romance languages) grammar is a pervasive gender dimension, namely, nouns are assigned either a masculine or feminine gender (this includes inanimate objects and abstract concepts). 

For example:

O livro (the book) is masculine.
A intenção (the intention) is feminine.

While there are general guidelines to help determine the gender of nouns, exceptions abound. Exposure to the language over time is key to becoming proficient in this aspect of Portuguese grammar.

2. Gender and Number Agreement

The gendered nouns we saw above have a large repercussion in the language, namely, they will impact other words surrounding them. 

Accordingly, articles, adjectives, and other word classes will agree with the noun they refer to concerning gender. 

But wait! Not only will they agree in gender (masculine/feminine) but also in number (singular/plural).

For example, Portuguese definite and indefinite articles will have 4 different forms depending on the gender and number of the noun they are referring to: 

Definite articles
Masculine singular: o 
Feminine singular: a 
Masculine plural: os 
Feminine plural: as 

Indefinite articles
Masculine singular: um 
Feminine singular: uma 
Masculine plural: uns
Feminine plural: umas 

By and large, the same principle applies to adjectives and other word classes. 

Here’s an example where the noun’s gender (carro  → masculine, casa → feminine) will impact what the articles, possessive pronouns, and adjectives surrounding it look like:

O meu carro é branco. (My car is white.)
A minha casa é branca. (My house is white.)

The same applies concerning number: 

O meu carro é branco. (My car is white.)
Os meus carros são brancos. (My cars are white.)

Learn more about number and gender agreement:
Gender of Portuguese Words
Forming the Plural in Portuguese

3. Verb Conjugation

Compared to other languages (including English), Portuguese has a relatively complex verb system with way more verb conjugations.

See, Portuguese verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, aspect, mood, and person. If we assume the existence of 3 tenses, 3 aspects, 3 moods, and 6 person-subjects, then, in theory, we’d end up with 3x3x3x6 = 162  verb conjugations. (It doesn’t work exactly like that in practice, but you get the idea.)

Furthermore, Portuguese has regular and irregular verbs. Concerning the former, there are three sets of regular conjugations (each having its own conjugational pattern).

For instance, here’s how we conjugate the regular verb Falar (to speak) in the Present tense:

Eu falo (I speak)
Tu falas (you speak)
Ele/elas fala (he/she speaks)
Nós falamos  (we speak)
Vocês falam (you speak)
Eles/elas falam (they speak)

Irregular verbs, on the other hand, will require more memorization. But fear not! Ensure you are consistent at practicing Portuguese and you will become comfortable with the Portuguese verb system over time. Sure thing.

4. Word Order

Portuguese word order generally follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern. However, like in many languages, word order can be flexible depending on context and emphasis. 

In general, pronouns come before verbs and adjectives often follow nouns. Adverbs, on the other hand, usually come after the verb. For example:

Eu gosto muito de música. (I really like music.)
Ele é um bom cantor. (He is a good singer.)

For a more complete introduction to Portuguese Grammar, take a look at this article: Portuguese Grammar: A Beginners Guide.